Study On Serial Position Curve Phenomena

Study On Serial Position Curve PhenomenaThe Serial Position Curve is a psychological phenomena set uped by Murdock (1962) in an experiment where the role players were tested for recall on a angle of dip of words previously learnt. This experiment has in turn become an accepted criterion of memory testing. The theory for the serial position writhe is that people recall a list of pre-learnt words best at the beginning and at the balance of the given list. Typically, when a successiveness of visual or verbal material is presented, the sign and later items in the sequence are remembered better than those from the middle of the sequence (Baddeley, Papagno Andrado 1993 Glanzer Cunitz 1966 Neath 1993). These makes are termed primacy and recency tacks, respectively.Well-known primacy effectuate occur when people are forming a summary impression of a single entity such as a person, product or event. When randomness about a single entity is presented sequentially, there is usuall y a primacy or inaugural impression effect, whereby the earliest information has a larger impact on the unitary impression that later information does (Anderson 1973 Asch 1946).In addition, sensory scientists survey a primacy bias in hedonistic assessment of food the first food sampled is experienced most potently, so it is likely to be the most memorable (MacFie, Bratchell, Greehoff Vallis 1989). One actor putforward for the primacy effect is that the initial items presented are most effectively stored inlong-term memorybecause of the greater amount of processing devoted to them.several(prenominal) studies have investigated the effects of location in a sequence on end-of-sequence choices, there is still no clear answer to the question of which location in a sequence is most advantageous. Several enquiryers have conducted that there are primacy effects in choice (Carney Banaji 2008 Miller Krosnick 1998), and many descriptive studies of consumer choice have make up such effe cts (Becker 1954 Berg, Filipello, Hinreiner sawyer beetle 1955 Coney 1977 Dean 1980).One suggested reason for the recency effect is that these items are still present inworking memorywhen recall is solicited. One suggested reason for the primacy effect is that the initial items presented are most effectively stored inlong-term memorybecause of the greater amount of processing devoted to them. There is some alimentation backing up these ideas. Firstly, the primacy effect but not the recency effect is reduced when the items are presented faster. In addition, the primacy effect is enhanced when items are presented slowly, this suggests such factors tail reduce and enhance processing of each item, therefore showing evidence of permanent storage. Secondly, the recency effect but not the primacy effect is reduced when a distracter task is given such as a maths continuous subtraction prior to recalling list items. This task in turn, requires working memory, and therefore interferes with the list items trying to be rehearsed and learned.The question of primacy versus recency dominance is not clear cut and continues to be investigated and debated. Marketing researchers generally have heeded the psychologists caution to vary intromission order in consumer product testing. However, there have been no recorded attempts to determine whether first or last position bias does influence consumer choice. Glanzer Cunitiz (1966) battleground investigating memory course credit and primacy-recency effects found that if a distracter task was introduced immediately after participants had learnt a list of words, that the recency effect was wiped out, but the primacy effect remained. However, Bjork and Whitten (1974) found that there was still a recency effect in free recall when the participants counted backwards for twelve seconds after each item in the list was presented. According to Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) this should have eliminated the recency effect.The vast majorit y of research into the serial position effect and memory has been conducted using verbal stimuli. These have found acquainted(predicate) bow-shaped serial position functions using a variety of theory including probed recall (Avons, Wright Pammer 1994, Nairne, Whiteman Woessner 1995) and serial reconstruction (Nairne, Reigler Serra 1991). Similar results arise if the stimulus materials are familiar pictures that can be verbally encoded (Manning Schreier 1988). Recent research has shown that serial reconstruction tasks using random matrices (Avons, 1998) and unfamiliar faces accompanied by verbal suppression (Smyth, Hay, turn Horton 2005) yield similarly shaped bow-shaped curves.In contrast, when memory for visual stimuli is examined using probed recognition the typical conclusion is not of a bow-shaped serial position curve but one with no primacy and only last item recency. Phillips Christie (1977) first demonstrated this non-standard serial position curve using a range of paradigms, with this findingbeing replicated using a variety of materials and methods (Avons, 1980 Avons, 1998 Broadbent and Broadbent, 1981 Hanna Loftus, 1993 Kerr, Avons Ward, 1999 Kornes, Maggnussen Reinvang, 1996 Walker, Hitch Duroe, 1993).Miles and Hodder (2005) looked at the effects of serial position on recognition memory for odours. The seven studies presented in their report looked at the contradiction in the present literature concerning the effect of serial presentation of odours on immediate recognition of test items. Usually, recognition tasks give the participant a sequence of items followed by two test items one of which is familiar. The participant is then asked to identify the familiar item. Such a task is known as a two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) task. Using such a type of testing usually creates recency effects in the absence of primacy effects (Miles 2005).Moreover, whilst massive primacy-recency research has been conducted by using visual and auditory stimuli (Aldridge, J.W. Farrell, M.T. 1977 Broadbent, D. Dines, R. Broadbent, M. 1978 Engle, R.W. Durban, E.D. 1977) and to a lesser extent, motor stimuli (Magill, R.A Dowell, M.N. 1977), little study has been devoted in this area to the sense of taste.However, Ward, Avons Melling (2005) account qualitatively equivalent serial position functions for both unfamiliar faces and nonwords when applied to a two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) recognition task and a serial order reconstruction task. The recognition task demonstrated single-item recency whilst the construction task demonstrated both primacy and recency. On the basis of these analogous functions, Ward et al (2005) proposed that the serial position effect differs receivable to task, rather than stimulus or modality dependent. For example, a 2AFC recognition task produced recency effects only, and serial order reconstruction tasks produces primacy and recency effects. Although, research conducted on olfactory memory a nd recognition has suggested memory for olfactory stimuli is different from memory for other stimuli (Baddeley 1976 Herz Engen 1996) as it has been found that immediate recognition of odours is considerably worsened than that noted in visual or auditory tasks (Lawless 1978).Research into taste memory has previously investigated the presentation order effects (Dean 1980). This study measured the effects of position order in consumer taste testing on overall product preference and product rating scores. It was found that consumer product evaluations appeared to have been influenced strongly by presentation order, as first position products were preferred over later ones. This was based on both food and beverages. However, it could be argued that the results were found due to underlying reasons such as attention decrement, which is an idea emerged from serial order effects research that suggests that attention decreases over the course of stimulus exposure. In addition, it is suggeste d another(prenominal) underlying reason is a possible palate desensitisation effect, which is where participants become progressively less able to discriminate as a result of an initial taste or sensory masking effect. This effect is thought to have been visible even though Dean (1980) used water and crackers in the midst of products, as the participants taste discrimination may have become temporarily impaired. A second study into taste preference by Mantonakis, Rodero, Lesschaeve Hastie (2009). This study found that their measure of preference revealed a primacy advantage for the 2- vino, 3- fuddle, 4- booze and 5-wine sequences and a recency effect for the 4-wine and 5-wine sequence only. Mantonakis et al (2009) suggested bias reasons for this, the first was a first-is-best bias which is to account for the self-consistent primacy effect. In addition, the second bias was the bias in favour of each new wine accounts for the recency effect, it was found that the participants with higher expertise in wine were more persistent in looking for a better wine later in the sequence.Furthermore, Melcher Schooler (1996) had investigated the verbal overshadowing of taste memory regarding a situation where domain-specific perceptual expertise exceeds verbal expertise. Three groups of participants were used, non-wine drinkers who have virtually no experience with the stimulus and have low perceptual expertise and low verbal expertise, wine drinkers who have developed a palate for wine, therefore they have moderate perceptual expertise yet low verbal expertise, and the third group was wine experts who have high perceptual expertise and high verbal expertise. It was found that verbal overshadowing did infact occur in the wine drinkers group whereby their perceptual expertise exceeded their verbal expertise. A possible explanation for this given by Lewis, Seeley Miles (2009) is that the novice wine drinkers may not have the ability to provide verbal descriptions that we re sufficiently analytical in order to establish a change in demeanor that could carry over to the wine-recognition stage. The experts on the other hand, may have been analytic in their approach to the initial wine tasting and so, even if the verbal description task did produce a carry-over of a controlled analytic style, then this style would not have been deleterious to their wine recognition skills.Another area of taste memory that has been explored is the processing of Navon earn and wine recognition in a series of tests (Lewis, Seeley Miles 2009). It was found that wine recognition was more accurate after the reading of the global letters rather than after the reading of the local letters of the Navon stimuli.The present study investigated the effects of position order in a sequence of wines and taste recognition of a trial wine in a series of trials. The experimental hypothesis for the present study was that there would be a significant difference in correct scores between the first and third position and the second position, therefore, that primacy and regency effects would be present in taste memory.