Duty and Change in Melville’s Bartleby Essay -- Philosophy, Rousseau

Natural philosophers of every century of human existence have asked what we owe to all(prenominal) other, society or government. In The Origin of Civil Society, Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that the only natural form of duty is to ones family, and all other obligations are found on agreement (57). Henry David Thoreau, in 1849, wrote in Resistance to Civil Government (sometimes known as Civil Disobedience), it is not a mans duty, as a matter of course, to devote himself to the eradication of any, even the around enormous wrong he may still properly have other concerns to engage him simply it is his duty, at least, to wash his hands of it, and, if he gives it no thought longer, not to give it practically his support (143). This sort of conflict, which has accompanied all men at the great changes in society, is what drives conflict in Herman Melvilles Bartleby, the Scrivener. Melville, like the Byzantine architects, crafts a work of art that studies a microcosm of the macrocosm. Tha t is to say, by reckoning at the kind between two people, Melville is able to explore the larger context around them, specifically the radical change of society in the mid-19th century. Like Thoreau, Bartlebys storied word, I would prefer not to, send a shockwave through contemporary expectations and give rise to how a person approaches a situation. Bartleby and Thoreau are both transcendentalists, and look to return to a Rousseauian state of nature. They have both arrived there after a journey of self-examination most definitely in Thoreaus case, and most probably in Bartlebys and their non-conformist attitudes raise questions of what is expected of people with regard to their duty to society and each other. Bartleby in particular makes the nameless... ...say that Bartleby did nothing, but passive apology is a powerful tool, whereby laws have been changed and governments have topped. Thoreau wrote a man has not everything to do, but something and because he cannot do everyth ing, it is not necessary that he should do something wrong emphasis in original (145). Bartleby, by following in the transcendentalists footsteps, does nothing, and makes a profound statement by it.Perhaps it was fated that Bartleby must die in the manner he did. After all, the narrator consulted the eminent pre-destination theologians Priestley and Edwards, and admits to believing that Bartlebys presence had been all predestinated from eternity and that it was not for a mere mortal like the narrator to fathom (167). pass judgment the idea that Bartleby is a microcosm of the macrocosm, this would imply that change is inevitable.

A Comparison of Vengeance in Electra, The Bacchae and Frankenstein Essa

Vengeance in Electra, The Bacchae and Frankenstein In todays world, vengeance is still in existence, bubbling below our calm facade, time lag for the catalyst it needs to break loose. Evidence can be seen right now in the reactions of the American people towards Bin Laden. He destroyed so many lives, and now, there is probably not one American that would not love to get their minute alone with him. The American people want to evil him the way he and his followers hurt their fellow Americans, their family. This hunger for vengeance is completely Dionysian and is found in more than one written work. Electra is unadulterated with the Dionysian quest for vengeance that prevails also in The Bacchae. It is found again in Frankenstein, a work bubbling over with vengeful deaths. This Dionysian pastime for vengeance is carried out on family offenders, whether they be of the family in question or not. Dionysus, a member of Cadmus family, causes the death of his cousin Pentheus. Penthe us commits a deadly mistake when he denies Dionysus as a god and attempts to capture him, thus invoking the wrath of Dionysus. This is the same type of vengeance found in Electras family. In Electras family, if one commits a family offense, an stark(a) cycle of the Dionysian principle of vengeance ensues vengeance takes precedent over family ties, thus forsaking them. With Victor Frankenstein and his monster, the principle is also at work, though it exists for each(prenominal) of them in response to the other. This principle is born into Electras family long before her own tragedies transpire. It begins with the sons of Pelops and all of the adultery and murder a la mode that occur in that branch of Electras family history. However, this... ...al, is to strike out at those who seek or have harmed us, and to destroy them in any means possible. Rest assured that if any Americans are involved in the Bin Laden affair, that the thirst for vengeance on them will be overpowering. The Dionysian principle of vengeance is still very ofttimes alive, lurking below the surface, waiting for the justification it needs to break free. Works Cited C.K. Williams,The Bacchae Of Euripides (New Version)New York Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000 Sophocles Electra New York Dover Publications Inc., 1995 Mary Shelley, Frankenstein New York Dover Publications Inc., 1994 Bush Speaks From Oval Office http//multimedia.belointeractive.com/ advance/news/text0911.html Bin Laden Has Nowhere To Run - Nowhere To Hide, madblast.com The House of Atreus http//ancienthistory.about.com/library/weekly/aa110497.htm

Intestinal Neoplasia Model Essay examples -- Biology,

The mammalian enteric tract is structurally a tube that is divided into two segments the piffling and large intestine. The inner wall consists of a simple epithelium called mucosa, which is responsible for the processing and absorption of nutrients (Sancho et al., 2003 Barker et al., 2008). The small intestine epithelium is folded into finger-like protrusions, called villi, directed toward the lumen the valleys atomic number 18 invaginations into the sub-mucosa and are known as the crypts. In the large intestine, the mucosa lacks villi, and the crypts invaginate deep into the sub-mucosa. There are four distinctive, differentiated cell types in the mucosa to mediate the influences of the intestinal epithelium enterocyte (EC), goblet cells (GC), enteroendocrine (EE), and Paneth cells (PC) (Radtke and Clevers, 2005 Barker et al., 2008). ECs are absorptive, and the others have secretory function. The epithelium renews its cells after every 4-5 days and is fueled by proliferative stem cells residing at the bottom of the crypt. In mammals, swallowed food passes through the esophagus to the stomach, where food accumulates and digestion proceeds it then moves to the small intestine for nutrient absorption and posterior to the large intestine for further nutrient, water and electrolyte absorption. Finally, it reaches the rectum and anus for excretion (Thompson and Malagelada, 1981).Like mammalian intestine, Drosophila intestines also have similar tissue architecture and physiological function (Rubin, 2007). Developmentally, both the mammalian gut and Drosophila midgut are of endothelial in origin (Kedinger et al., 1987 Tepass and Hartenstein 1994). They comprise an epithelial monolayer of columnar or cuboidal cells called enterocytes. To maximize i... ...gle (E fritter cell) lineage, is made of 20 cells arranged to form a tube with a central lumen. Each of these cell pairs forms an intestinal ring (II-IX int-rings). The most anterior intestinal ring (int ring I), is made of four cells. The apical surfaces of the intestinal cells carry numerous microvilli. In C. elegans, intestine carries out multiple functions that are executed by distinct organs of higher eukaryotes. The primary function of intestinal cells seems to be digestive since they secrete digestive enzymes (e. g. cysteine protease, endodeoxyribonuclease) into the lumen and take up processed literal and nutrients. Intestine also seems to be a large storage organ since it contains a large number of assorted storage granules (White J., 1988)). The intestinal contents are excreted to the outside via a rectal valve that connects the gut to the rectum and anus.

Habeas Corpus and the Use of Military Tribunals Essay -- American Hist

Habeas Corpus and the Use of Military TribunalsIn America Under the Threat of TerrorismIntroductionIt was on this date one hundred forty two years ago (April 25, 1861), that President Abraham capital of Nebraska sent a letter to Lt. General Winfield Scott authorizing the suspension of The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus . Lincoln had been prexy for less than two months and was facing, what was up to that time and arguably may still be the greatest threat to the survival of the United States since the Founding Fathers launched this Great test. Only eleven days earlier Major Robert Anderson, the commander of the federal garrison at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, had to surrender the fort to the Confederate Army. Lincoln was reluctant to issue such an order but had done so as he faced the very real possibility that the Maryland law-makers would convene and take action to arm the people of that state against the people of the United States .Thus began the first of several occasi ons in our nations invoice where a president when faced with a clear and present danger to our national security has had to balance fulfilling his oath to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution with the fringe benefit to have any detainment reviewed by a judge or magistrate of competent jurisdiction. Problem StatementHow far may law enforcement officials go in whippy civil liberties to enhance national security? What does the Constitution say with respect to the suspension of the civil liberties in times of national emergency? How has the U.S. Supreme greet interpreted the constitution with respect to the suspension of habeas corpus? Few citizens would disagree that national security is a legitimate function of political sympathies. First and foremost, our national government is responsible for the protection of life, then liberty. The most ardent champions of the Bill of Rights concede that it would be foolish to treat civil liberties as inviolable when the lives of inn ocent thousands are at stake. U.S. Supreme Court Justice Robert H. Jackson, dissenting in a free speech case, gave these words of warning regarding civil libertiesThe choice is not betwixt order and liberty. It is between liberty with order and anarchy without either. There is danger that, if the Court does not temper its doctrinaire logic with a little interoperable wisdom, it will c... ...lue Freedom. Or it can be an indictment of our fear if we abrogate the liberties so much cherished and so dearly paid for.BibliographyRehnquist, William H. All the Laws scarce One, New York Alfred P. Knopf, 1998Blacks Law Dictionary. Abridged Seventh Ed., p. 569, West Group, St. Paul, MN (2000) Garret, Buck The Unconstitutionality of Time Limits Placed on The Great Writ, Prisoner of warfare in America - http//www.nov.org/garret.May97.htmRembar, Charles. The Law of the Land The Evolution of Our Legal System, pp.141 -156, Simon and Schuster, New York, (1981)Kleinfeld, Joshua. The Union Lincol n Made, p. 24, History Today, Vol. 47, Nov 1997.Authorities and Cases CitedU.S. Constitution, Article 1, 9Terminiello v. Chicago, 337 U.S. 1 (1949)Ex Parte Milligan, 71 U.S. 2 (1866)Ex Parte Quiran, 317 U.S. 1 (1942)Ashcroft, John. Statement to the Press re The Capture of Jose Padilla, July 10, 2002 Padilla v. Bush, et al., 233 F. Supp. 2d 564 (S.D.N.Y. 2002)Padilla v. Rumsfeld. 233 F. Supp. 2d 564, No. 02 Civ. 4445, 2003 U.S. Dist. (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 11, 2003)Padilla v. Rumsfeld. 233 F. Supp. 2d 564, No. 02 Civ. 4445, 2003 U.S. Dist. (S.D.N.Y. Apr.9, 2003)

Passion to Change the World in John Miltons Paradise Lost :: Milton Paradise Lost Essays

Passion to Change the World in John Miltons Paradise addledThe human beings I see around me every day is one based on reason, scientific principles, tolerance, freedom, and most of all, a deep-rooted skepticism toward every form of absolute truth. When I think about Paradise Lost, I cannot help but to ponder what implications Paradise Lost has in this cold post-modern world. The world was a very different place in 1666, and not to say Miltons ideas where meaningful to everyone in the 17th century, but for many people nowadays Paradise Lost is, to put it rather bluntly, little more than a fairy tale. My conceits have led me to one question can a post-modern monastic order such as ours learn anything from Paradise Lost that we can use to help better our world, or do our vast technological skills and post-modern philosophies provide a sufficient means for us to find joy, happiness and meaning in our lives?The post-modern world is full of complexity, skepticism, and moral ambigui ty. Jean-Francois Lyotard, in Defining the Postmodern, explains that post-modernism arose from a rejection of modernism and its failed ideologies, ideologies that gave us such memorial events as Auschwitz, and have left us with deeply engrained feelings of skepticism toward our world and ourselves. Lyotard illustrates how mankind, in a post-modern world, is in the condition of running subsequently the process of accumulating new objects of practice and thought, which to Lyotard is something like a destiny towards a more and more complex condition. Lyotard points out the implications of this ever increasing complexity when he observes that our demands for security, identity, and happinessappear today irrelevant in the face of this sort of obligation to complexify, mediate, memorize and synthesize every object, and consequently, the claim for simplicity, in general, appears today that of a barbarian (1612-5).Our world is in every way leading us into, as Lyotard points out, a more and more complex condition (1614). Truth, for example, was once thought of as a single transcendent idea, accessible by a means such as science, religion, or philosophy. However, as citizens of a post-modern world, we have to cut across with a more complex definition of truth than ever before. Friedrich Nietzsche, in 1873, said, truths are illusions of which we have forgotten that they are illusions metaphors which have become worn by frequent use and have lost all sensuous vigor (878).

Passion to Change the World in John Miltons Paradise Lost :: Milton Paradise Lost Essays

Passion to Change the World in John Miltons heaven LostThe world I see around me of all timey daytime is one based on reason, scientific principles, tolerance, freedom, and most of all, a deep-rooted skepticism toward any form of absolute truth. When I think about Paradise Lost, I burnnot help but to ponder what implications Paradise Lost has in this cold post-modern world. The world was a very different place in 1666, and not to say Miltons ideas where implicationful to everyone in the 17th century, but for many people today Paradise Lost is, to put it rather bluntly, little much than a fairy tale. My thoughts have led me to one question can a post-modern society such as ours learn anything from Paradise Lost that we can use to help better our world, or do our vast technological skills and post-modern philosophies provide a sufficient means for us to find joy, happiness and meaning in our lives?The post-modern world is full of complexity, skepticism, and moral ambiguity. J ean-Francois Lyotard, in Defining the Postmodern, explains that post-modernism arose from a rejection of modernism and its failed ideologies, ideologies that gave us such memorial events as Auschwitz, and have left us with deeply engrained feelings of skepticism toward our world and ourselves. Lyotard illustrates how mankind, in a post-modern world, is in the condition of running after the process of accumulating new objects of practice and thought, which to Lyotard is something like a fortune towards a more and more complex condition. Lyotard points out the implications of this ever increasing complexity when he observes that our demands for security, identity, and happinessappear today irrelevant in the administration of this sort of obligation to complexify, mediate, memorize and synthesize every object, and consequently, the claim for simplicity, in general, appears today that of a barbarian (1612-5).Our world is in every way in the lead us into, as Lyotard points out, a mo re and more complex condition (1614). Truth, for example, was once thought of as a single transcendent idea, accessible by a means such as science, religion, or philosophy. However, as citizens of a post-modern world, we have to deal with a more complex definition of truth than ever before. Friedrich Nietzsche, in 1873, said, truths are illusions of which we have forgotten that they are illusions metaphors which have become worn by frequent use and have lost all esthetic vigor (878).

ObamaCare is Driving a Wedge Between the Socio-Economic Classes Essay

The Affordable C atomic number 18 Act is amplifying the difference between socio-economic classes because the ACA encourages employers to cut employee hours. The mainstream of college students hold jobs composition studying so that they can stomach rent and phone bills, and occasionally go to the movies or out to dinner. We get the silver for these bills and happenings through bi-weekly paychecks. We work hard, commonly for forty to fifty hours a week, and argon compensated near minimum employ. Although miniscule, it is still enough to cover the daily expenses in our lives and to have a poker chip left over for extraneous items, however if hours are lost then this will non be the case for us students. Big businesses for example, are often time the ones who disburse paychecks to people attending college. They offer entry-level jobs that are easy to come by, are constantly expanding, and have a high turnover rate. Large corporations, much(prenominal) as Regal Entertainment Gro up, Five Guys Burgers, and Petco, are cutting employees hours down to little than thirty a week. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) supports employers to declare oneself health insurance to employees working full-time (thirty-plus hours weekly).By cutting thehours, people are no longer are entitled to health insurance provided by the employer. The lower class of the U.S. economy consists of a demographic of people whose hours are macrocosm cut. A continuing decline of hours will only result in more financial burdens on the employees. Losing eleven hours could mean an individual who manages paying for groceries as well as car insurance with the same paycheck may have to start choosing between the two when receiving future checks. In addition to cutting hours, many an(prenominal) employers are limiting hiring to avoid spending more money on health coverage. Robert Samuelson supports the idea that the ACAs costs and complexities are going to deter some companies from hiring, and that i t would be divisive to the socio-economic classes. In Both Sides May hurt the battle over Obama pity from October 25s Register-Guard, Samuelson states that as a result of employers not being able to afford health care for all employees, hours must be cut. A business only has reduce hours to under thirty a week in order to avoid paying health care. at once this cut is made, a previously full-time employee is taking home 100-200 dollars less each paycheck. This unfortunate trend will continue and even step-up 15% of larger employers and 20% of small businesses plan to reduce employees hours or benefits according to a recent survey by the International Foundation of Employee Benefit Plans. runty businesses play an important role in the U.S. economy and are a strong driver of job growth and innovation. But small business are severely disadvantaged by the current U.S. health care system relative their larger counterparts. A new report by the Council of Economic Advisors (CEA) examine s the challenges face by smaller firms under the current health care system, and the likely impacts of health care reform on small business and the workers they employ. This implicit taxation disadvantages small firms in both the market for the best workers and the market for their products. For example, both Trader Joes and Home Depot have stopped providing health care to odd-job(prenominal) employees, and Forever 21 plans to cut hours and reclassify some employees as part-time. In fact, businesses all over the country, compelled by the financial strain introduced by the ACA, are making similar decisions. Once the ACA goes into effect, even more businesses will be forced by the financial reality of the Act to reduce employee hours. As the wage earning potential of part-time employees oversteps, we can expect more extreme changes to the economy.Among these changes, businesses are now expecting employees to find and fund their own health care. This is nearly impossible when many workers are already living below the poverty line. Irrespective of how small the premiums will be, it will still over-burden many employees. There will be times ahead when many Americans are going to have to choose between paying for their health insurance and paying a calendar monthly bill disturb when you consider the children and people with disabilities. Even after these employment cuts, the White House claims that the number of part-time employees that are looking for full-time work remained the same during the month of September at 7.9 million employees. Jason Furman, chairman of the White House Council of Economic Advises said, We are not seeing any effect in the data. With this data being manipulated, it would appear that all of the employees that have been reassigned as part-time workers are okay with it. This is not the case businesses have until 2015 to cut hours and avoid paying for employee healthcare. The number of part-time workers looking for full-time work will ste adily increase over the next twenty-four months the statistics need to be revisited when people are more alert of cuts that businesses are enforcing.People who fall below the poverty line will pay less for health care compared to those who are in the middle class. found on individual/family income, people may be eligible for tax credit subsidies through state-ran exchanges. Based on household income, people are fit(p) in different subsidy brackets. Even with the tax credits, people have no choice but to take home less money and to pay out of pocket for health insurance that they previously did not want. Many businesses have claimed they are not cutting hours, but instead are belongings off on hiring because of costs caused by the ACA mandates. Employers who postpone hiring are still damaging to the economy. In fact, postponing hiring can do just as much damage, if not more to the economy than cutting hours. People would much rather have fewer hours at a job, than no job at all. In turn, this in like manner increases the unemployment rate, thus driving the wedge between social classes even deeper. Any employer that cuts hours to avoid paying health insurance will create a larger difference between the socio-economic classes. By taking away hours that an employee is able to work at a business, the employee has no choice but to take home less money in their paychecks.Earning less money reflectsdirectly on their socio-economic class, setting them farther apart from the wealthier individuals on the scale. Without resolution, cuts in full-time employment will increase the gap between socio-economic classes. It is making the poor even poorer, and separating the less wealthy from the rich even more then they already are. The economy is going to fall into a slump, people will not be able to pay car payments, nor provide adequate food for their families. What is going to happen to our country, the country that is base on the forty-hour workweek, if corporate busi ness does not cease their greedy actions? Our only option is to wait and see what happens.Works CitedConover, Chris. Who Can Deny It? Obamacare Is Accelerating U.S. Towards A half-time Nation. Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 31 July 2013. Web. 29 Oct. 2013. economic effects of health care on small business. executive office of the president council of economic adviers (2009) 18. health reform . stocky of the affordable care act (2013) 13. McVeigh, Karen. US Employers Slashing Worker Hours to Avoid Obamacare Insurance Mandate. The Guardian. The Guardian, 30 Sept. 2013. Web. 28 Oct. 2013. Myers, Lisa, and Hannah Rappleye. Obama Admin. Knew Millions Could Not Keep Their Health Insurance. NBC News. NBC, 28 Oct 2013. Web. 29 Oct. 2013. Nicks, Denver. Trader Joes Explains Why Its Cutting Health Benefits For Part Timers. Swampland.Time.com. Time Magazine, 17 Sept. 2013. Web. 28 Oct. 2013.

Brand Analysis †Louis Vuitton Essay

User ImageConsumers atomic number 18 stylish, trend-setting, aw are of designers brands and look for quality and by and by sales services. Most of the users are mature (25+), female, working population with stable financial background. There is an increasing number of young LV users, who are fashionable trend-followers. LV users are usually less price-concerned. LV products are frequently used by the rich and famous, celebrities, models all over the world.Occasion ImageLV produces series of leather goods for the business world, including briefcases, organizers, palm-cases all could be easily found in business meetings and offices. LV luggage could be found in airdrome all over the world. Personal accessories like handbags, wallets, shoes, and clothing by LV are used by the celebrities in fashion shows, PR change surfacets, social gatherings. characteristic from CompetitorsThe CompetitionIn the challenging luxury market, LV faces quite a number of competitors. Hermes, Chanel, Guc ci, Ferragamo and Prada are main competitors of LV. Just like LV, all of these international brands chip in their step uplets around the world.PositioningWe are living in an age of access to an incredible amount of product, consumers are no longer brand loyal to companies, and they desire to know how the product will benefit them. To satisfy the potential customers, LV is promoting its image that provides consumers with added benefits on top of the practical use of its products. A person grease ones palms a piece of the Louis Vuitton luggage, he is non only purchasing a piece of luggage, just prestige and style. Consumers buy LV luggage non well(p) because they need luggage, but they want people to think that they are wealthy and stylish because this is the perception that Louis Vuitton sells with its luggage. It works because LV advertises its luggage as an exclusive line, not everyone can have it.To stand out from its competitors, LV positions itself as the leader for luxu rious luggage. This could be seen in the advertising in magazines LV uses to communicate with their customers.And in the LV web page, a Guide for the cosmopolitan traveler is included, offering useful information to help prepare for international trips. Travelers can check out time differences, currency conversion tables, clothes sizes and measurement conversion charts, as well as useful addresses in the worlds major cities. genuinenessLVs strength is the worldwide known good service to customer, its good quality for value and new designs. LVs products safety extend the requirements globally.ReplicabilityA lot of the LV products are illegally replicated, but due to the unique canvas used for production none of the fakes could achieve the quality and commonplace of the originals.ReassuranceAfter using LV products, consumers are reassured of the good quality and value-for-money as promised by the advertising and promotions.Experience & DifferentiationConsumers use and experience LV products, feel the difference between LV and other brands, lead to the differentiation of LV from the competitors.ConsumerTo the Louis Vuitton consumers, a LV handbag isnt just a handbag, its a Louis Vuitton. Consumers will generally pay more for the LV name brand because it signifies some extra quality besides a handbag.LV products are appealed to people who would like themselves to be stylish,and want others to think that they are fashionable, they want to differentiate their tastes from others and try to do so by purchasing LV products. Consumers were not looking so much to buy the non-brand products as everyone else. Instead, they looked to brands to help make a clear statement about their own identities.Consumers buy LV products are not just looking for quality and after sales services, they want people to think that they are wealthy because they can afford a duo of luxurious Louis Vuitton shoes.SuggestionsMore Distinctive from the CompetitionLouis Vuitton was very successful with consumers. It benefited from strong local in Japan, Europe and the US. This continued demand is due to the new products created by designer Marc Jacobs and the sustained quality of all Louis Vuitton products.To be more distinctive from the competition, Louis Vuitton may consider concentrating its business model to production of leather goods only. As roughly of the competitors are doing many business other than only leather goods. If LV could concentrate on leather goods production alone, it could become not just the leader, but the specialist of producing different leather goods.More Appealing to ConsumersBranding and Lifestyle advertising is becoming increasingly popular because advertisers are trying to revive the estimate of brand loyalty.To make LV more appealing to the consumers, here is also the idea to make some products of the brand available only in elfin quantities, by limiting its production of certain products from time to time, or producing special adaptation of the same handbag in different markets, LV products could becomeeven more premium. This can satisfy the consumers who want to differentiate themselves from other LV users. LV could even create a trend for collection of limited edition LV products by the consumers.

Boston Tea Party, Tea Essay

Attention Getter You probably wouldnt believe me if I told you that a drug that creates the same signaling activity in the brain as cocaine is sold legally on al some every street corner across the nation. This is a fact however, and the drug is caffeine. It is atomic number 53 of the main ingredients in chocolate, and is currently the most frequently used recreational drug in the world. Establish Credibility I personally consider myself a coffee expert, and have been imbibition at least one cup of coffee almost every morning for the last three years.Relate to the sense of hearing Now, I screw not every one of you drinks coffee moreover as youcan tell by the multiple Dutch Bros, Starbucks, and other coffee shops around town it is a very big part of our culture today. Preview Throughout the course of this speech, I will discuss three major(ip) points relating to coffee. First, I will give some information on the history of coffee and when it root came into human culture, follow ed by the positive rise upness benefits and some of the banish health risks associated with coffee. First of all, Im going to talk a little bit about the historical side of coffee and how it first got popular in our culture. BodyI. Main Point To show why coffee is such a big part of modern day society, we must first understand where it originated. A. Sub-point java was first cultivated on the Arabian Peninsula in the 15th degree centigrade. 1. Supporting details Not only were the Arabs the first to cultivate coffee, tho they also were the first to trade coffee. 2. By the 16th century, the popularity of coffee was already expanding and Persia, Egypt, Syria and Turkey all had discovered about the amazing beverage.Sub-point By the 17th century coffee was still gaining notoriety aroundthe world, however it was still not a household favorite as it as today. 1. Supporting Details hot chocolate houses started sprouting up everywhere in the 1700s, however tea was still the most popul ar drink around. 2. In 1773 a heavy tax on tea was inflicted by King George, which led to a pretty famous revolt called The Boston Tea Party. 3. Since people couldnt afford tea subsequently the tax, coffee quickly took over as the most popular morning beverage across the world, and remains the most popular today.Although coffee has been drank for hundreds of years, the majority of its healthbenefits have only recently been discovered in the last few decades. II. Main Point The majority of people drink coffee just to run short through each day, however it does have many positive benefits to your health. A. Sub-point Within just the last few years alone thither has been research through with(p) showing that coffee may protect against type 2 diabetes, liver malignant neoplastic disease, and Alzheimers disease.1. Supporting details According the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, liver cancer is the ninth leading cause of cancer and coffee has been shown to reduce risk of l iver cancer by 40%. 2.Drinking coffee reduces the risk of diabetes as well, which is a common risk factor of liver cancer. B. Sub-point One of the other medical uses of coffee is in preventing Alzheimers disease and dementia. 1. Supporting details The most common neurodegenerative disease and number 1 cause of dementia is Alzheimers. 2. There is no cure for Alzheimers, however it has been shown that coffee drinkers have up to a 65% lower risk of getting the disease. You might be thinking coffee is a miracle drink after some of those statistics, however it also has many controvert effects on health as well. III.Main Point There are a great deal of health issues that can resolving power from drinking coffee, with some of the most common being addiction, insomnia and increased blood pressure. A. Sub-point As a college student, one of the last things you will ever want to experience is insomnia, but it is a regular side effect of coffee. 1. Supporting details By blocking certain rece ptors in the brain, coffee prevents chemicals that induce sleep from being used. B. Sub-point some other widely studied effect of coffee, specifically caffeine, is how addictive it is.1. Supporting details Caffeine stimulates the central nervoussystem and regular use will result in a physical dependence. 2. If a regular coffee drinker doesnt have their daily cup, they will feel fatigued, irritable, and experience headaches within the first 24 hours. Conclusion 1. Transition Signal In conclusion, coffee isnt for everyone but if you do choose to consume it, you at least now know how it affects you. 2. Summary of Main Points Throughout this speech we looked at how coffee first gained popularity in the human race, some of its positive health benefits as well as some of the negatives.3. Call to Action Even if youve never been a fan of coffee, try drinking a cupbefore your next take on session and see if you still dont like it. 4. Memorable end Although it may be addicting and cause ser ious potential health problems, there must be something special about coffee considering over half of adults in the U. S. drink it daily. References 1) Coffee Acts Just like Cocaine, Says Scientist. BeverageDaily. com. Beverage Daily, 02 Sept. 2002. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. 2) Goldschein, Eric. 11 Incredible Facts About The Global Coffee Industry. Business Insider. Business Insider, Inc, 14 Nov. 2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. 3) Gunnars, Kris.13 Proven Health Benefits of Coffee Authority Nutrition. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. 4) The taradiddle Of Coffee. National Coffee Association. NCA, n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. 5) Stromberg, Joseph. This Is How Your Brain Becomes Addicted to Caffeine. Smithsonian. N. p. , 9 Aug. 2013. Web. 11 Nov. 2014.6) Van Dam, Rob. Ask the Expert Coffee and Health. The Nutrition Source. Harvard School of Public Health, n. d. Web. 09 Nov. 2014. 7) Weber, Belinda. Coffee Consumption Cuts Liver Cancer Risk. Medical News Today. MediLexicon International, 22 Oct. 20 13. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. .

Leadership Taxonomy

Introduction There a numerous lead theories that help manage a successful business. These theories include techniques that subscribe to been substantial and constantly improving since 1888. Theorists such as Thomas Carlyle, Kurt Lewin, and James Kouze, have developed characteristics they believe will shape the leading of tomorrow. These characteristics atomic number 18 incorporate together to create theories based on personality, human relationships, and developmental trends. The following will provided an organized overview of ten theorists and the characteristics they believe to develop successful leaders. Theorist Theory title Theory Characteristics Year Thomas Carlyle Great humanity According to this theory, youre either a natural born leader or c. 1888 youre not. The term Great Man was used because, at the time, lead was thought of primarily as a male quality, especially in terms of military leadership. (About, 2011) The Great Man leadership the ory became more prevalent during the 19th century and was developed from the success of several famous leaders. A famous quote that sums up this theory is huge leaders are born, not Made. (Changing Minds, 2011) Cherry, K. (2011). The Great Man Theory of lead. In About. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http//psychology. about. com/od/leadership/a/great-man-theory-of-leadership. htm Straker, D. (2011). Great Man Theory.In Changing Minds. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http//changingminds. org/disciplines/leadership/theories/great_man_theory. htm Gordon Allport Personality feature Theory The trait approach to personality is one of the major theoretical c. 1936 areas in the study of personality. The trait theory suggests that individual personalities are composed broad dispositions. (About, 2011) Allport discovered that there are more then 4,000 words to describe personality traits.Allport categorized those traits into three different levels, Cardinal, Central and unessential traits. Cardinal traits were characterized as traits that dominate an individuals whole life.Central traits are general characteristics of an individual personality that would affect their leadership quality. Terms such as intelligent, honest, shy and anxious are considered important traits. (About, 2011) Secondary traits reefers to attitudes or preferences that appear in certain situations or from the result of a specific circumstance. Cherry, K. (2011). Trait Theory of Personality. In About. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http//psychology. about. om/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/trait-theory. htm Cherry, K. (2011). lead Theories 8 Major Leadership Theories. In About. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http//psychology. about. com/od/leadership/p/leadtheories. htm Kurt Lewin Lewins leadership styles Lewins developed three leadership styles, autocratic, democratic c. 1939 style and Laissez-Faire style. In the autocratic style, the leader takes terminations without consulting with others. The determination is made without any determine of consultation.In Lewins experiments, he instal that this caused the most level of discontent. (Changing Minds, 2011) The autocratic style is used when the result from a decision would not change if it had the input from others. In the democratic style, the leader involves the throng in the decision-making, although the process for the final decision may vary from the leader having the final say to them facilitating consensus in the group. (Changing Minds, 2011) The democratic style is a group decision making process. This style usually opens it up for individuals to voice their opinions and can create adversity and problems. The laissez-faire style is to minimize the leaders involvement in decision-making, and hence allowing batch to make their own decisions, although they may still be responsible for the outcome. (Changing Minds, 2011) When individuals are motivated to make their own decisions and there is no need for a central coordination, the laissez-faire style would be best suited for that situation. Straker, D. (2011). Lewins leadership styles. In Changing Minds. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http//changingminds. org/disciplines/leadership/styles/lewin_style. htm F. E.Fiedler Least Preferred Co-worker Leaders prioritize betwixt task- center and people-focus. c. 1964 (LPC) Theory Relationships, power and task structure are the three key factors that drive effective styles. ( Changing Minds, 2011) Fiedler used a scoring system to be able to determine if that leader would work with that person again. High LPC leaders tend to have close and positive relationships and act in a validating way, even prioritizing the relationship before the task. Low LPC leaders put the task first and will turn to relationships only when they are satisfied with how the work is going. (Changing Minds, 2011) trinity identifying factors Leader-Member Relations Task structure Leaders Position-power Straker, D. (2011). . In Changing Minds. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http//changingminds. org/disciplines/leadership/theories/fiedler_lpc. htm Rensis Likert Likerts leadership styles Likerts four style of leadership were developed around decision c. 1967 making and how much people are involved in the decision making process. Likerts four styles are exploitive authoritative, benevolent authoritative, consultative, and participative. The Exploitive authoritative style is a style where the leader has low- no concern on how their actions will psychologically affect people. This style is based off of fear and threats in redact to accomplish the task at hand. The Benevolent authoritative style is a complete opposite of the Exploitive authoritative style.This style involves higher ranked leaders in an organization listening to the concerns of individuals lower in the organization. The consultative theory is focused on still listening to the upward flow of information, but slackly decisions are still centrally made. The participative theorys where leaders maximize methods to engage with people lower down in the organization in the decision-making process. Straker, D. (2011). Likerts leadership styles. In Changing Minds. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http//changingminds. org/disciplines/leadership/styles/likert_style. htm D. J.Hickson Strategic Contingencies The strategic contingencies theory states that if a person doesc. 1971 Theory no they charisma but that person possesses the ability to realise problems they still can be a effective leader. The theory helps to objectify leadership techniques, as opposed to relying on personalities. (Leadership-Central, 2011) Strategic Contingencies Theory (2011). In Leadership-central. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http//www. leadership-central. com/strategic-contingencies-theory. hypertext markup languageaxzz1ZeSf2sGc Dr. Paul Hersey, Situational Leadership Hersey and Blanchard leadership model was developed into four stylesc. 972 Ken Blanchard Model (S1 to S4) to match the employee development level (D1 to D4). Leaders should adapt their style to participator development style (or maturity), based on how ready and willing the follower is to perform required tasks (that is, their competence and motivation). (Straker, 2011) Style one is Telling/Directing which is intentional for an employee at a D1 level. This employee is a t a low competence, low commitment level to the company. Style two is Selling/ Coaching which is designed for a employee at a D 2 le vel. This employee has some competence and a variable commitment to his/her position. Style three is Participating/ Supporting which is designed for an employee at a D3 level.This employee has high competence but still a variable commitment to his/her position and the company. Style four is Delegating/ Observing which is designed for a employee at D 4. This employee with have a high competence and a high commitment to the company. At level S1 the leader is high task focus and not real focus on the relationship. As you reach a S4 the leader has a low task focus and a low relationship focus. At S3 that is where the leader builds a strong relationship to develop that employee into a D4. Straker, D. (2011). Hersey and Blanchards Situational Leadership. In Changing Minds. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http//changingminds. org/disciplines/leadership/styles/situational_leadership_hersey_blanchard. htm Situational Le adership- About us (2011). In Situational Leadership. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http//www. situational. com/about-us/ Dansereau, Graen, Leader-member Exchange (LMX)How a leader maintains leadership through working with her or c. 1975 and Haga his supporters, those entrusted with responsibility and advisers defines the Leader-member Exchange theory as a method for exerting and maintaining leadership. (Leadership-Central, 2011) LMX is a intuitive theory and would be more expected from a leader-group structure. LMX uses three stages of development. Organizational Stage Role Development Leader-led relationship Leaders in this theory can range from a person leading a small discussion group or a supervisor of a work crew to heads of countries or empires. The more decomposable the task and organization, the more factors enter into the organizational dynamics. (Leadership-Central, 2011) Leader-Member Exchange Theory LMX (2011). In Leadership-central. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http//www. leadership-central. om/leader-member-exchange. htmlaxzz1ZeSf2sGc James MacGregor destroy Transformational Burns Transformational leadership Theory, in other words, c. 1978 Burns Leadership Theory Burns focuses upon motivations and values in assessing how a leader approaches power. This aspect of having that basic ethical system sets leaders apart from those merely aspiring to power. (Leadership-Central, 2011) Burns theory appeals to those interested in developing social values and individual purpose. Burns theory asks a fundamental question of what the ultimate purpose of leadership is and why one should be a leader. Burns Transformational Leadership Theory (2011). In Leadership-central. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http//www. leadership-central. com/burns-transformational-leadership-theory. htmlaxzz1ZeSf2sGc Bass, B. M. Transformational Leadership Bas s defined transformational leadership in terms of how the c. 1985 Theory leader affects followers, who are intended to trust, admire and respect the transformational leader. (Straker, 2011) Bass described three ways which leaders can transform their followers. backup man their awareness of task importance and value. Getting them to focus first on team or organizational goals, rather than their own interests. Activating their higher-order needs. Bass Transformational Leadership Theory (2011). In Leadership-Centeral. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http//www. leadership-central. com/bass-transformational-leadership-theory. htmlaxzz1ZeSf2sGc Straker, D. (2011). Bass Transformational Leadership Theory.In Changing Minds. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http//changingminds. org/disciplines/leadership/theories/bass_transformational. htm James Kouze and Leadership Participation Specific factors are listed in a checklist form that c. 19 87 Barry Posner Inventory organizers can use to assess a groups affinity to a leader. While they are subjective, they are better than nothing and can help in a focus on organizational problems. (Leadership-Central, 2011) Five characterizes for successful leadership 1. Role Model 2. Inspiration 3. Facing Adversity 4. Empowerment 5.Generates Enthusiasm Leadership Participation Inventory (2011). In Leadership-central. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http//www. leadership-central. com/leadership-participation-inventory. htmlaxzz1ZeSf2sGc

Perception Errors as Seen in “Twelve Angry Men” Essay

The innocent and the beautiful have no enemy further Time William Butler Yeats The movie Twelve Angry Men opens up with a sequence which justifies the above stated quote. The storyline follows the story of two hit-or-miss people chosen as jurors who have been asked to give a verdict on a murder case. The case involves the murder of a father by his teenage son. The verdict can be held legal and valid only if it is unanimous. At the start of the movie, everyone except a gentlemans gentleman votes as guilty for the boy.The gentleman expresses his desire to go over all the facts after which he would make his decision whether the stripling is guilty or not. After several deliberations, re-questioning of the stated facts and ascertain testimonials, slowly the jurors start changing their verdict from guilty to not-guilty. The story ends with the unanimous verdict in the favor of the teenager. Common Perceptual Distortions 1. Stereotype or ideal angiotensin converting enzyme of the j urors has the belief that teenagers growing up in slums tend to be criminals. A generalization on the behalf of the juror is incorrect. . Projection One of the jurors shares a impuissance relationship with his own son. This creates an effect wherein he sees the image of his son in the teenager held in the trial.He tries to force his own conscious image onto the teenager and sees him as guilty. 3. Self Fulfilling Prophecy One of the jurors is timid in nature and hence his opinions are not heard and ignored. 4. Mine is better thinking One of the jurors thinks that since he is an influential person in his domain, he knows better because of his higher status in society. . Selective Perception One of the jurors is only interested in finishing the verdict. He has no arguments in favour or against the teenager. 6. Pretending to Know One of the jurors tries to justify everything by giving the statement know what I mean, inspite of having no concrete facts supporting his arguments. 7. Unwarr anted Assumptions One of the jurors holds onto the testimony that the murder weapon is unique. Also one more assumption is the thing that the downcast man can cover a long distance to the stairs in a few seconds. 8.Attacking other people One of the jurors starts combat and shouting at everyone as if that would prove that others are wrong. 9. Halo Effect The fact that the teenager stays in the slums creates a general impression in one of the jurors minds that the teenager is guaranteed a criminal. 10. False Consensus Effect At the beginning of the session, all but one decide as guilty on the verdict. more of the jurors gave their vote just on the simple reason that others would give the same, and not on their own opinions.

Impact of Applied Agro-Cooperative Credit and Banking on Farmers and Farming

People depend for good introduction in Agro-Farming not only on good seeds, good fertilizers, good irrigation and good Agro-technology but they need also short-term, medium and long term loans to meet their other demands at farm level in farming. This honest-to-god situational scene has a power to present an imp mo of applied concerted doctrine and banking on farmers in farming from the point of origin of the Indian co-op extension (a facile address) movement from the period of working of NIDISH in Madras Province in 1882 to 1904 till date.This is a good Genesis of this cut off with a scientific periodicity which may be perused in following section. An Iota in the facile joint trust scene of madras state Nidish a socio-economic social meeting were working in very active form like the primary accommodative reference work societies at farm level in rural Madras province in 1882-1884.Madras Provinces 1882-1884 - Fedaric Nicholsons visit from India to Germany to study the w orking of The Raiffieson Model Rural concerted Credit societies and came back with a finding Find Raiffieson because he base 100% similarities in need of Agro financing for Rural India, with cultural similarities at smashing scale in rural India and Rural Germany. In India also in that location was great maturation done by private moneylenders by charging 75% rate of interest and in Germany also such high interest was taken by Jews/Nazis from Rural Germany Farmers.The profit motive and usurious practices were similar in India and Germany. In 1882 to 1884 Fedaric Nicholson came back from Germany in Madras Province and recommended to the government to start primary Agro-Cooperative credit and Banking instead of Nidish to protect rural people from great exploitation and usurious practices of private money lender. His sketch and recommendations were certain by the Madras provincial government under the control of British government.This was also studied and accepted by the gov ernment of Bombay province Maharashtra due to great vitality in his recommendations in public interest. In 1896, the British government appointed Edward committee (sir Edward as chairman) to study the Indian Rural conditions, needs and scope of working of the primary Agricultural Cooperative Credit societies under the control of British government for the people to work with cooperation of the people for the people with democratic management at grass root level. The Edward Committee 1896-1904 surveyed the Indian Rural agro-banking system and passed firstly cooperative Societies Act 1904 which was accepted and made applicable for greater India (from capital of Afghanistan to Burma) with democratic centralised cooperative credit banking viz from Kabul to Burma, if any primary Agricultural cooperative society was organised, then it was bound to get registration from Delhi only. This was a real scene from 1904-1908. The distance factor was primary(prenominal) problem for formation and registration of Agro-primary Cooperative Credit Societies.In this era cooperative credit was considered as a facile credit and cooperative banking was accepted a means to acquire the desired goal in a desired time. In 1908, Lawd recommended to add cooperative Audit, with cooperative credit and banking by change magnitude two sections in the cooperative Act of 1904. Thus total sections from 48 to 50 were made in the first cooperative societys act of 1904 in 1908-1912. This added great strength to Agro-cooperative credit and banking system for Rural India.In 1912, the cooperative society Act was again examined by Sir Malcolm I. C. S and others. They suggested to add triad sections more for facilitating cooperative credit, Consumption, and Marketing to the people of Rural India to protect them from exploitation of private traders and took them away from cruel clutches of exploiters by using cooperative geological formation of the people for the people. It was accepted by the gove rnment in public interest.In 1914-1915, the cooperation was made state sponsored subject to give chance to the state (provincial governments) to frame their make cooperative society Acts on the basis of this model Act of 1904 with due consideration of the interpersonal situations of the concern state in preparation of their own cooperative societies act. It gave good chance to states from Kabul to Burma to register primary Agro-cooperative credit societies for credit and banking activities according to their interpersonal conditions to work and upgrade socio-economic life of rural people by effective working of primary Agro-cooperative credit and banking business. there was a rapid growth of members of primary Agro-cooperative credit and banking business and growth also found in qualities of services from 1912-1915 in cooperative credit movement in India. The first world war of 1915 gave great shock for the growth of Rural Agro-Cooperative banking due to more involvement of rural p eople in Indian Army. Therefore there was stunted growth of working of Agro-cooperative credit and banking from 1915 to 1925. There was Second World war in 1930-1935.The Burma separated from India in 1920 and Shyam, Rangun and Kabul were also separated in 1937-38 and became independent countries. These newly made countries accepted and used Indian model cooperative society Act of 1912-15 to make their own cooperative acts. In 1939-40 in India, the Vijayraghavacharya committee recommended to start linking of cooperative credit with Agro-production and marketing in Madras provinces in capital of Oregon district. It was applied in Salem district only for testing. India became independent country in 1947 from the clutches of britishood separate it.The public finance sub-committee (headed by Dr. D. R. Godgil) in 1946 submitted its report and recommended to allow crop loan systems to Rural people (farmers) to bring new change in farm financing by deciding Maximum Cooperative Credit Limit (M. C. L. ) per farmer, per acre per crop per season to upgrade economic strength of rural borrowers on the one evanesce by weathering the deep rooted exploitation of private moneylenders which gave a good chance for effective working of rural Agro-cooperative credit and banking on the other.It was again reviewed by Thakurdas Mehta committee in 1948. This committee recommended head start signal its application from April 1950 in First Five Year Plan. At this time Ready Recknor was not made crop-wise for farmers but Rs. 500 M. C. L. (Maximum Credit Limit) per acre per crop was ratified to apply from 1951 to 1954 in the first five year plan for good financing to farmers through primary Agro-Cooperative credit societies. It was brought in real practices. In 1950-54, A. G. Gorwala I. C. S was appointed to do All India Rural Credit Survey to judge the extent of credit distribution by the cooperative credit societies in battlefront of several moneylenders. He did survey in 75 distri cts of India, in 400 villages and 127475 farmers families who found 3. 5% farm financing and banking was done since 1904 to 1954 by cooperative credit societies and 96. 5% was done by non-cooperative agencies. The extent of linking of cooperative credit with farm production and cooperative marketing was found 1% only.There was major hardship of cooperative credit and banking role in rural India in socio-economic upgradation process for farming community. The AIRCS committee 1954 gave remark, Cooperative have failed but must succeed. The AIRCS committee recommended starting CCR (controlled credit recovery) scheme under integrated Approach, viz linking of cooperative credit with farm production and cooperative marketing to upgrade socio-economic life of farmers on the one hand and quality of services of cooperative credit and banking on the other. This recommendation was applied in second five year plan from 1955 to 1960.It was found that linking of cooperative credit and marketing increase from 1% to 11% and extent of cooperative credit distribution was increased from 3. 5% to 30% and maximum credit limit (MCL) increased from Rs. 500 to Rs. 1200 per crop per acre per year. This gradual growth gave great encouragement to cooperative credit and banking system in farm financing at a great length. This had motivated for a reliable and very valid effective approach through cooperative credit and banking for rural reorientation as well as upgradation of socio-economic change of rural people in rural India.This indicated a good desired shifting of cooperative credit business and gave a motivation to cooperative sector to face challenge for a desired change at farm level in the system of farming with Agro-technology. If we examine socio-economic changes from 1950 to 2012 or from first five year plan to 11th five year plan through applied cooperative credit and banking, the desired changes are found base on multiple variables with varieties of risks (challenges for c hanges). This scene is inviting attention of planners, surveyors, interrogationers and the governments to identify factors or obstacles affecting in achieving the desired results.Nobody has made any attempt on this issue at a great length till date to identify the factors affecting the quality of socio-economic change operation of cooperative credit and rural banking practices. There is urgent need and demand of the rural people, primary Agro-cooperative credit societies and applied cooperative banking to identify the problem raising factors and discover reliable and valid solutions to achieve the desired goal in the desired time. Therefore, an attempt is needed to make on this issue. The present study aims to work on this issue at a great length. Objectives of the studyBroadly speaking, this study has main following objectives- 1. To identify/ analyse the reliable and valid factors affecting the working of applied cooperative credit and banking at grassroots level and also to iden tify socio-economic changes at farm level and 2. To explore practical possible solutions as remedial measures to solve the problems at grass root levels, to do socio-economic upgradation of farmers and their farming with help of modern Agro-technology and rational farm financing. Research Design The present study is going to do Exploratory-cum-Descriptive search work.It is a systematic and purposeful empirical enquiry it includes surveys and fact-findings enquiries of different kinds. The main characteristics of this method are that the researcher has no control over the variables. It only reports what has happened or what is happening. In which the researcher does not have direct control over independent variables either what has happened or what is happening. But in this solution by the research an attempt has to make to search reliable and valid factors to discover a good solution for solving the problems. Location of the Universe/ PopulationB. R. College Agra of the Agra Univer sity as centerfield for the study and district Mewat Haryana has been selected by the purposive sampling method as definite universe of the study. Sampling design- Sample selected by multistage stratified disproportional random sampling. Total number of farmers members involved in CCR scheme in Agro-cooperative credit and banking are 380. Their size group and covered credit operation is granted as under- Size groupSize group of farmersTotal Farmers membersTotal Land covered by members in acresSample fractionTotal farmers A0-2. acres14028020%700 B2. 5-5. 0 acres12036020%600 C5. 0-7. 5 acres10060020%500 D7. 5-above acres2012020%100 Total members380126020%1900 Data accumulation Research instruments- Schedule-cum-questionnaire has been used for data collection. The Complete participant observation method and interview technique has been used for data collection. We have done pretesting at pocket-size scale to judge the effectiveness of the research instruments. It has been found v ery correct and useful for the work.

Managerial Economics Essay

Q.1.0) For each of the following events, assume that either the cater influence or the demand toot ( non both parapraxised). Explain which curve shifted and indicate the direction of the shift.a.From 1950 to 1979 the wages paid to fruit pickers alternate magnitude while the number of fruit pickers employed decreased.b.During the same settleing the scathe of radio sets declined, while the number of radio sets purchased increase.c.Housing outlays atomic number 18 rising but more houses are sold.d.Australian line of businesslines reduces its amount sheet of paper regimen by 30 percent in order to attract more customers.Ans.a) In this case the number of the fruit pickers has decreased while the wages of the fruit pickers has increase. Thus, the demand has not diversifyd. The supply of the fruit pickers has decreased, hence, the fruit pickers supply has shifted to the left.b) In this case the price of the radio sets declined while the number of radio sets purchased chang e magnitude. This means the demand has increased. The demand curve has shifted to the right.c) In this case the housing prices are rising but more houses were sold. The demand of the houses has increased. The demand curve has moved to the right.d) In this the Australian Airlines reduces its average plane fare by 30 percent in order to attract more customers. The aim here is increase the revenue in the future. The supply is been increased to accommodate the increasing customers. The supply curve is moved to the right.Q.2.0) Explain the meaning of snap bean? What are the different types of whippyities? What are the factors that affect each type of breeze? Of what use are these e workicities to business?Ans.Elasticity is a measure of the responsiveness of unrivaled variable to converts in an early(a) variable the theatrical role win over in sensation variable that a repeals due to a wearn region change in an raw(a)(prenominal) variable.The Elasticity is one of the burning(p renominal) factors to measure the securities industry condition, the foodstuff computer extend and depicts a comprehensive picture of the supply, demand relation.The different types of Elasticities are Own price elasticity, cross-price elasticity, income elasticity and other elasticity such as testify advertisement elasticity and cross-advertisement elasticity.2.1. Own price elasticity A measure of the responsiveness of the measurement demanded of a unspoiled to a change in the price of that good the percent change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in the price of the good.EdQx, Px Percentage change in quantity demanded = %Qdx= Percentage change in price of the good %PxThe Own price elasticity of demand is measured in terms of its dogmatic set, if the absolute value is greater than one (1) is said to be elastic, if the absolute value is less than one (1) is said to be inelastic and if the absolute value is compare to one (1) is said to be unitary.2.1.1 Elastic demand Demand is Elastic if the absolute value of the sustain price elasticity is greater than 1.EdQx,Px 1This means that the percentage change in the quantity demanded is more than the percentage change in the price of the good. Generally, the demand is elastic for consumer goods. The important point is when the integrality revenue increases (decreases) as a go of a fall (rise) in price, demand is elastic.2.1.2 Inelastic demand Demand is inelastic if the absolute value of the own price elasticity is less than 1.EdQx,Px 1This means that the percentage change in the quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in the percentage change in the price of the good. The demand is elastic for the daily requirement goods, specialty goods. The important point is when the total revenue decrease (increases) as a result of a fall (rise) in price, demand is inelastic.2.1.3 Unitary elastic demand Demand is unitary elastic if the absolute value of the own price elasticity is equ al to 1.EdQx, Px= 1This means that the percentage change in the price is equal to the percentage change in quantity demanded of the good. As the percentage change in price is equal to the percentage change in the quantity demanded, the total revenue does not change as price changes.2.1.4 perfectly elastic demand A condition in which a small percentage change in price brings close an infinite percentage change in quantity demanded.EdQx, Px= 2.1.5 Perfectly inelastic demand A condition in which the quantity demanded does not change as the price changes.EdQx, Px= 02.1.6 Influencing factors The price elasticity is determined the following factors, the availability of the substitutes, time factor and the expenditure share of the ware in consumers budget.* Availability of executable options The price elasticity is very ofttimes influenced by the availability of substitutes. The price elasticity is greater when the substitutes are more. This is because of the wider choices consumer ha s. The minimal changes in the price of one good pass on result immediate shift of the demand to the other good.The elasticity for the broadly cookd commodities tends to be more inelastic than the demand for limited commodities. This is because the specific products are demanded on the bag of the consumers tastes, preferences, likes, passion and need.* Time factor The time factor influences the character of the demand of the good. In general, the availability of time allows the consumer to follow up on the substitutes, which eventually results in the decline of the demand for the good whose price has increased. In short time, the demand is more likely to be inelastic for the reason that the consumer lead not be able to find the substitutes.*Expenditure on the product The amount spent by the consumer on a particular product determines the character of the demand elasticity of the product. The products on which the consumer spends fewer amounts are likely to be inelastic converse ly the products on which the consumer spends large amount are likely to be elastic. This is because the slightest increase in their prices would have a great impact on the consumers budget.2.1.7 Uses to the business The own price elasticity is very much internal to the business to analyze the foodstuff and further to formulate the strategies to gain maximum benefit from the given situation. The price elasticity enables the firm to asses the relationship between the price of its product and the demand. The firm tail be able to gauge the relationship between their products and other products in the commercialize. This helps the firm to identify which are the competing products and complementing products.The firm by assessing the price elasticity can be able to define fine price strategies, promotion strategies and as sanitary can contemplate about the synergies with the other firms whose products are in complementary relationship with the firms products.2.2 Income elasticity A me asure of the responsiveness of the demand for a good to changes in consumer income the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income.EmQx, M Percentage change in quantity demanded %Qdx= Percentage change in the consumer income = %MIf EmQx, M 0, then X is a normal good, an increase in income leads to an increase in the role of X.If EmQx, M 0, then X is an inferior good, an increase in income leads to a decrease in the consumption of X.2.2.1 Influencing factors The important factors influencing this elasticity are the income level of the consumers and the nature of the product. If the product is not having the sensed value or not having the perceived image, the product go awaying be purchased more when the income level of consumer decreases conversely the products result be purchased less when the income level of the consumer increases.2.2.2 Uses The firms will be able to identify their products perceivedvalue. This assists the firms to modif y their products features, promote well or position their product well in the foodstuff.In general, the firms are enkindle in making their products a normal good, the demand increases with the increase in the income level of the consumer. This elasticity helps the firms to define their determine strategy to suit the consumers perceived value.2.3 Cross-price elasticity A measure of the responsiveness of the demand for a good to changes in the price of a link good the percentage change in the quantity demanded of one good divided by the percentage change in the price of a link good.EdQx, Py = Percentage change in quantity demanded of one good = %QdxPercentage change in price of related good %PyThis elasticity helps in arrangement the relationship between devil goods. This elasticity explains whether two goods are complement or substitute to each other.If EdQx, Py 0, the two goods are substitutes to each other, the larger the supreme coefficient, the greater the substitutabili ty between the two goods.If EdQx, Py 0, the two goods are complement to each other, the larger the negative coefficient, the greater the complementary relationship between the two goods.The important point is the sign of the coefficient is important when mentioning the Cross-price elasticity.2.3.1 Influencing factors The close relationship between the products has a great impact on the elasticity. If the product has many competing or substitutes which wisecrack similar benefits mix, the demand changes highly even with a minor changes in the price of the product or the changes in the priceof the substitutes. This elasticity is also influenced by the price of the complementing products if the price of the complementing products increases (decreases) the demand for the firms product decreases (increases).2.3.2 Uses This helps the firms to handle the tilt by formulating a well defined pricing strategy. The firms will be able to assess the relationship with the other products. The fir ms can identify the competing as well complementing products in the market.The demand of the product is highly influenced by the competing and contemplating products price. The firm by assessing the cross-price elasticity will be able to handle the competition and as well can form synergies with the firms offering complementary products. This will enable the firms to turn efficiently in the market.2.4 Price elasticity of supply The ratio of the percentage change in the quantity supplied of a product to the percentage change in its price.Es = percentage change in quantity supply = %Qsxpercentage change in price %PEs 1, elastic supply, the percentage change in quantity supply is more than the percentage change in price.Es 1, inelastic supply, the percentage change in quantity supply is less than the percentage change in price.Es = 1, unitary elastic, the percentage change in quantity supply is equal to the percentage change in price.2.4 Influencing factors The influencing factors a re the price of the product, the nature of the market. The ultimate objective of the firm is to make maximum profits, the firm will supply according to the rise in price and demand in the market to gain optimum profits.2.5 Uses This elasticity helps the firms to strike a balance among the price of the product, demand and supply of the product. This also helps the firms to define their occupation and supply str0ategy so as to address the given situation.Q.3.0) Read the New Economy Index dealing with the effects of internet and increased competition on business competition (http//www. sweeteconomyindex.org/section1_page06.html).a. List factors that are said to be driving the increased competition between firms? Do these factors suggest that the structures of the markets in which firms operate are taking on more of the characteristics of the perfectly competitive market structures?b. Is there cultivation on these pages that gives an indication of whether increased competition is havi ng an effect on the profitability of the firm?Ans. a) The factors that are said to be driving the increased competition between the firms arei. Emergence of global market place.ii. The number of increased firms.iii. Technology that makes the entry easy for new entrants.iv. Ever increasing from securities markets to increase shareholders value.v. Frenetic atmosphere of mergers.vi. Increased number of large institutional investors.Yes, these factors suggest that the structures of the market are taking on more of the characteristics of the perfectly competition. The majorcharacteristics are the increased number of firms, more number of players. The easy entry for the new entrants suggests that the market is not having any entry barriers.b) Yes, the information on these pages indicates the effect of the competition on the profitability of the firms. The average price mark-up over the cost ration in manufacturing in United States had declined from about 19 percent in 1970 to 15 percent b etween 1980 and 1992.Q.4.0) Evaluate the economic case for economic desegregation in either South Asia or ASEAN region (chose the region which you live). Will this be beneficial for your country? Why or why not?Ans.I am from India and India is an active participant in South Asian regional development and welfare programs. The economic integration is an important factor influencing the prosperity of the nations creationwide. The economic integration is one most successful tool exploited by many countries to gain economic benefits and welfare.The movement of South Asian countries India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan and Maldives towards the economic integration in the South Asian region will be a big step towards their economic welfare.The India has already signed Free Trade stipulation (FTA) with Thailand, one more similar agreement with Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and another trade agreement with capital of Singapore in early next socio-econo mic class. This is the porta acknowledgen by India to bring close the nations of this part of the world and leap towards the economic integration.The developed have already formed their Regional Trade Agreement (RTA) such as North American Free Trade Agreement, European Union accord. The South Asian countries must formulate a similar political platform to present their argument with one consented voice and craft own free trade agreement to counter thegrowing competition from these countries.According a world bank report the success of the RTA is that the RTA were successful in eliminating the trade barriers then, paving way for the free flow of goods and services, which ultimately benefits the masses. The trade barriers segment the market, restricts the free flow of goods, service, investments, development schemes which call for a joint venture. Therefore wide range policy measures are required to facilitate the economic integration.A direct shift from closed to open regionalism will enable the countries to operate in more liberal market. The increased relations between the nations allows the free flow of ideas, fosters alternative opinion and exchange of technology.In a liberal trade regime, the South Asian countries will reap benefits in terms increased volume of trade, larger investments and increased production but, also the new technologies which were hitherto unknown at work place.India, with a one fifth of worlds population has been successful in gearing the fundamental interaction between the South Asian countries, has a larger part to play and as well the biggest beneficiary from the economic integration in this region.There are some competitive complications in the integrations. Most of the countries are having rivalry among them as they offer similar products to the international market. India and Sri Lank compete in agro-products tea, coffee, rubber and jute, Malaysia and Singapore in clothing, Japan and South Korea in electronics.At present t he integration trade among SAARC is less than 5 percent, where as it is 55 percent in European Union countries and 65 percent in North American countries. The trade between India and Pakistan is currently at US$ 251 with the integration trade it would go up to US$ 4 billion.Q.5.0) What is a market failure? What are the different types of market failures? Discuss and give an example.Ans. The situation in which the following characteristics developed in the market is termed as Market failure.The different types of market failures areMarket powerExternalitiesPublic goodsIncomplete information5.1 Market power The ability of a firm to set its price preceding(prenominal) marginal cost. The main aim of the governing is to create a perfect competition in the market. But, many a times it is not possible. There forever exist some firms who have an benefit over the other firms operating in the same industry. These firms gain sustainable competitive advantage by having larger market share, high technology, competitive market position and/or financial support.The firm which has sustainable competitive advantage will exercise power to influence the market prices. The firm will keep its price high than the marginal cost, the resources required to produce that unit good, thus decreasing the social welfare. The administration will intervene in these instances to regulate these firms to increase the social welfare.When the firms exercise the market power, the social welfare will minimize, the consumer has to contribute more than the cost incurred by the producer to produce that extra unit.The government formulates certain laws to avert the concentration in the market, which eventually results in Market power. In most of the countries,the governments formulate laws to control the formation of market power by legislating antitrust policy and price statute.Example The formation of a monopoly is a clear case of market power. Most of the firms attempt to build a monopoly. In monopoly market, the entry is restricted and the firms can charge high price than the marginal cost.In the above figure it shows the monopolists demand, marginal cost, and marginal cost and marginal revenue curves. In a perfect competitive market all the consumers are aerated similar. But, in this case the monopolist charges PM price for the profit maximizing out put units of QM. At this price the consumer is compensates higher amount for the last unit produced than the cost to produce it. Total social welfare in monopoly is the sum of producer and consumer surplus, the region W in the above figure. The triangle ABC represents the exsanguinous weight loss.5.1.1 Antitrust policy Government policies designed to keep firms from monopolizing their markets.The main aim of the antitrust policy is to eliminate the dead weight loss and discourage the mangers to exercise price-fixing agreements and other collusive practices by declaring it as an illegal to foster monopoly.The first succes sful antitrust act was employ against United States and Trans-Missouri Freight Association agreement, which the Supreme Court declared as illegal.Standard Oil of New Jersey along with Standard Oil of Ohio was charged with attempting to fix the prices of petroleum products and the prices at which the products would be shipped. Standard Oil, in particular, was acc utilise of numerous activities designed to enhance monopoly.5.1.2 Price regulationIn many instances a single firm may be able to service the market or thegovernment may wish to allow the firm to practice monopoly. When the economies of home are larger, the government may allow the firm to practice monopoly but choose to regulate the price of the firms products.Example In India, the government has allowed the Maruti Udyog Ltd., au automobile manufacturing firm, to practice monopoly in small car segment till 1998. This was mainly to support this PSU, to gain the strength in the market and as was the capacity of the firm was made to address the demand of the market. heretofore though the Maruti was the only car manufacturer in the small car segment, the government has honest strong price regulation in order to eliminate the dead weight loss.Regulating a Monopolists price at the socially Efficient Level5.2 Externalities Effects on the third party who is not the part in decision making process is termed as the Externalities. There are two types of externalities positive externalities and negative externalities.5.2.1 Positive externalities The benefits are received by the party which is not involved in the production or consumption of a good.Example The benefits of the immunization of the public, which eventually leads to building a health society, benefits all the people irrespective of their participation in the process.The government programs aiming at imparting genteelness to every one leads to the building a knowledgeable society. This initiative benefits the whole nation.5.2.2 Negative externaliti es The costs borne by parties who are not involved in the production or consumption of a good.Example The pollution in the air, water and soil. The public in general suffers with out directly involving in the process. The society will be bearing some costs of this damage to the environment, but eventually theimpact will on everyone.5.2.3 The Clean Air lick The Clean Air Act was formed to address the much devastating issue of the pollution. The new act covers the industry which releases over 10 tons per year of any of the listed pollutants or 25 tons per year of any combination of those pollutants.The firms under this act are required to obtain permit to pollute. The permit is issued to the industry on the basis of its nature, level of pollution in that area and the calculated level of pollution that would be emitted by the firm at a fee. The act also supports the new entrants to find efficient ways to decrease the pollution in the industrial process.The Acts another important featu re is, a firm can sell its limit to the other firm if the firm has lower level pollution than the permitted level. This is to encourage the firms to find the new ways to minimize the pollution in their firms.5.3 Public goods A good that is nonrival and nonexclusionary in consumption.Public goods are the goods, which can be consumed by everyone. The goods are not paid by any one or the benefits are received by everyone. These benefits cannot be allocated to any single person clean air, sunlight etc.In general, if no one pays for these goods, as everyone along with the purchaser will be benefited. Thus, there is little or no major incentive for the purchaser. This very factor leads to free ride phenomenon.5.3.1 Nonrival consumption A good is nonrival in consumption if the consumption of the good by one person does not preclude other people from also down the good.Example street lights, public parks, radio signals, national defense.5.3.2 Nonexclusionary consumption A good or service i s nonexclusionary if,once provided, no one can be excluded from consuming it.Example clean air, roads.It would be advantageous for a firm to contribute to public goods in its market place to create goodwill in the market. The same thing goes with the individuals as well. The benefit arising from paying for the public good is not exclusive for any individual, thus everyone would be willing not to pay for them, which eventually results in failure of the market in providing public goods.In conclusion, if the firms goal is to maximize profits, the last dollar spent on contributions to public projects should bring in one additional dollar in revenue.5.4 Incomplete informationThe information about the product and services to all the interested parties is important for the market to operate efficiently. The participants must have good knowledge about the product or services features, price, benefits, the risks and the available technologies. The incomplete information will eventually resul t in inefficiencies in the market functioning, usage and the firms output.The severe causes of market failure are asymmetric information, a situation where some market participants have better information than others. The presence of asymmetric information can lead bargainers to refuse to purchase from marketers ort of fear that the seller is attempting to dump the product because it worth less than they are willing to pay and in some cases, may lead to the market collapse.The government has formulated policies to address this issue.5.4.1 Rules Against Insider TradingThe regulation to avert the asymmetric information problem is by formulating rules against insider trading. The insiders will have more information about the company can take better decisions about its stock trading. This if continues, the traders may reject the companys shares. There will be little or no chance to the outsiders in the market which is dominated by the insiders this will eventually result in market fai lure.To prevent insider trading form destroying the market for financial assets, the government has enacted rules against insider trading. The regulation is in Section 16 of the Securities and Exchange Act (1934) and amended in1990 and effective form May 1, 1991.Example The manger has who has got a better knowledge about the companys inside information may utilize to gain profits. If the company is contemplating to form a merger which would increase the value of the company, will buy the share in advance and sell them when actually the share value increase after the merger. Thus, gains maximum profits.5.4.2 Certification To eliminate the asymmetric information problems, the other devise is the certification. The government issues the certification of authenticity to the product or services after confirming to prescribe standards. This will ensure the consumers to get a fare deal in their transactions.Example The issue of certification of authenticity by the government to the schools , colleges, industries etc.5.4.3 Truth in lending The little or no comprehensive information about the barrowings has resulted in financial crisis across the world. The government has passes legislation on the barrowing and repaying criteria to simplify the issue, Truth in Lending Simplification Act (1980).The truth in lending act affects both the supply and demand of credit. The barrowers have more information about the credit criteria, reduces the risk involved in repayment of the loan. The availability of information to thebarrowers increases the demand, thus, the demand curve for the loans moves towards the right. The suppliers are affected mainly by the increased cost in complying with the government regulations, hence the supply curve of the loan moves towards the left. This movement eventually results in increase in the price of the loan (interest).5.4.4 Truth in advertising Advertisement is one of the important means of communicating with the potential and actual buyers. The main aim of the advertisement is to turn viewers into buyers. Under the pressure to push the product in the market, the companies will indulge in providing the incorrect information or too much from too little truth.When the consumers understand this, they will switch to competitors product or service. To alleviate this problem the government formulated the truth in advertisement. The main aim of this regulation is to cease the companys from giving false information and to compensate the consumer who has incurred damages from a misguiding advertisement.5.4.5 Enforcing gouges Todays markets are so dynamic, the relationships changes very quickly. In the attempt to gain the maximum benefit from a given situation, the companies become opportunists. To preserve the best interest of both parties the government has formed enforcing contracts regulation.In most of the instances the end-of- arrest is a crucial thing. The firms often violate the contract principles to gain instant benefit from a changing situation with out due concern to the other partys interest.To solve this problem the government has formed Enforcing contracts, requires dishonest people to honor the terms of contracts.5.4.6 Rent seeking Selfishly motivated efforts to influence another partys decision.The government always intervenes into the market in order to avert the marketfailure. The governments aim to intervene the market is to improve the allocation of resources in the economy by alleviating the problems associated with market power, externalities, public goods and incomplete information. The government policies benefits one party at the expense of other party.For this reason the lobbyists send huge amount of money in attempts to influence government policies.Q.6.0) Define CPI and Unemployment. What is the limitations/criticism of the following?a. CPI as a measure of change in prices.b. Unemployment rate as a measure of true employment.Ans. 6.1) The inflation and deflation are the two vital determining factors of the macroeconomics.Inflation An increase in the general (average) price level of goods and services in the economy.The inflation does not mean that all prices of all products in the economy rise during a given period. Inflation is an increase in the overall average level of prices and not an increase in the price of any specific product.Deflation A decrease in the general (average) price level of goods and service in the economy. In genera, the deflation is the reduction in the rate of inflation.6.2 The Consumer Price Index (CPI)An index that measure changes in the average prices of consumer goods and services.The consumer price index is the widely accepted and used scale for measuring the inflation or deflation. The CPI is also called as the cost-of-living index. The CPI will measure the price changes in the consumer goods only. This measurement is considered with the effect of changes in the prices consumer goods on the income of the consumers.In Australia, the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) prepares the CPI. The ABS price collectors contact a sample of retail stores, other businesses supplying consumer products or services, home owners and tenants in Australias capital cities, each quarterly. The items included in the market basket are the items used or consumed by a typical urban family, under the family line of food & beverage, clothing, housing expenses, transportation, medical care, entertainment and a range of other goods and services.The formation of the market basket generally remains unchanged from one period to the next hence the CPI is also called as fixed-price index.Computing CPICPI = Cost of the market basket of products at current year prices light speedCost of the same market basket of products at base-year pricesBase year A year chosen as a reference pint for composition with some earlier or later year.Annual rate of inflation= CPI in given year CPI in previous year 100CPI in previous year6.3 Limitation/c riticism of CPIThe CPI as a measure of change in prices has attracted much criticism because of its limitations. The reasons for the change in price are affluent, the computing of CPI does not consider all these factors as it would bedifficult to collect and write the data.1. The CPI considers the items consumed by a typical urban family rather than the purchases of the consumers in every area. This very character limits the CPI to present a comprehensive measurement. Even in the family segment, the purchases of different families differ considerably from a typical family, the retired people have different buying criteria, purchases more of medicines and less of children products and the family who have more youth children will have different needs.2. The CPI does not acknowledge the changes in quality which in many instances results in the changes in the prices. Generally, the improving quality or performance of a product costs more to the producer, thus the producer will increas e the price, the CPI fails to acknowledge this very fact. The price of television has increased quite highly, but the quality of the picture, sound and the added features are also the new benefits of todays televisions, the CPI will not take these factors into consideration.3. The composition of the market basket most of times is unchanged, which results in ignoring the latest trends. The market is more dynamic than ever and every year there are many new and innovative products and service are introduced to the market. The failure to take the changing patterns and preferences, the CPI will not be a comprehensive measure of the change in prices.b) It is very important for every country to assess the unemployment rate. The countries most important and valuable asset is its labor king. The government has to gauge the productivity of its employment hurtle to develop the country.6.4 Unemployment rate The percentage of people in the labor force who are without farm outs and are activel y seeding jobs. The unemployment is not all the people who do not have jobs, but the people who are part of the labor force who do not have jobs or seeking jobs.6.5 Civilian labor force The number of people 15 years of age and older who are employed or who are actively seeking a job, excluding those in the arm forced, home makers, students, discouraged workers and other persons not in the labor force.6.6 Limitations/criticismThe calculation of Unemployment rate has attracted much criticism for limitations to give a comprehensive degree of the employment.The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) computes the unemployment rate in Australia.1. False response to the ABS survey about the unemployment. The respondents may give false information about their employment. The respondents may give false information about their current position they might say they are seeking a job even if they are not or employed in illegal activities. This could be because of the benefits of registering ones elf as unemployed or job seekers.2. The official definition of the unemployment understates the unemployment rate by not considering the discouraged workers. disapprove worker A person who wants to work, but who has given up searching for work because he or she believes there will be no job offers. After repeated rejections, discouraged workers often turn to their families, friends and possibly other forms of welfare for support. The ABS counts a discouraged worker as anyone who has looked for work within the last six months, but responds that they no longer looking for a job and includes in not in labor category. The number of discouraged workers is likely to rise during a recession the degree of underestimation of the official unemployment rate is thought to increase during a downturn.3. Another understating of the unemployment rate occurs because the survey treats the part time workers equal to the full time workers. Some of thesepart time workers might be willing to go for full time job given a chance. These latter(prenominal) workers are underemployed. Such under-utilization of the employees is great in recession, but is not reflected in the measured unemployment rate.

Paraoxonase Status In Keratoconus Patients Health And Social Care Essay

Keratoconus ( KC ) is a noninflammatory corneal ectasis which norm altogethery affects both eyes and with an incidence of about 1 per 2,000 in the general population ( Rabinowitz, 1998 ) , KC is going a important clinical job worldwide ( Zadnik et al, 1996 ) . The authoritative histopathological characteristics of KC include stromal sour, Fe de part in the epithelial basement membrane and interruptions in the Bowman s tail end ( Rabinowitz, 1998 ) . KC is a heterogeneous disease, with several indicants of familial factors lending to the pathogenesis of stray KC such as duplicate surveies, bilateralism of the disease, familial collection and formal familial analyses ( Rabinowitz, 2003 ) . However, the function of environmental factors such as oculus friction and difficult contact lens system wear whitethorn besides lend to the patterned advance of the disease in genetically allergic persons ( Rabinowitz, 1998 ) . Although really small is known about the mechanisms taking to ecta sia in KC, the current hypothesis is that the cutting of the cornea is callable to abnormalcy in the collagen cross-linking and subsequent stromal thinning which leads to bulge of the cornea ( Li et al, 2007 ) . Other research science lab surveies have besides indicated the degree alterations of transforming growing factor-I?2 and antioxidant enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases, cathepsin V/L2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases ( TIMPs ) in the eyes of KC patients ( Maier et al, 2007 Kenney et Al, 2005 ) . Another strong hypothesis of the betterment of KC was present frontward ( Wilson et al, 1996 ) who pointed out the function of the interleukin-1 system and other programmed cell death modulating systems which contributes to loss of keratocytes and finally stromal cutting. However, all of these suggested hypotheses need to be more clearly defined ( Rabinowitz, 1998 ) .Paraoxonase 1 ( PON1 ) is an enzyme made up of 354 aminic acids with a entire molecular weight of 43 kDa ( Primo-Parma et Al, 1996 Mackness et Al, 1996 ) . PON1, which is associated with high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) , catalyses the dislocation of phospholipid and cholesteryl-ester lipid peroxides in both tenuity lipoprotein ( LDL ) and HDL, in that locationfore doing it an of import hazard factor of artherosclerosis ( Mackness et al, 2004 ) . However, it was the ability of PON1 to protect the nervous system against organophosphate neurotoxicity that was initiative discovered ( Durrington et al, 2001 ) . The human PON1 cryptography sequence, located on the long arm of the human chromosome 7 ( q21.22 ) has 2 common polymorphism sites a Met ( M ) / Leu ( L ) permutation site at place 55 and a Gln ( Q ) / Arg ( R ) site at place 192, with the latter being more of import with regard to PON1 practise and affinity to sure subst strides ( Primo-Parma et Al, 1996 Aviram, 2004 ) . Hence, the conclusion of the PON1 position of an person must non merely take into ex planation the polymorphism nowadays but besides the degree of PON1 action at law in that person in enact to find the plasm PON1192 alloform responsible for the occupation nowadays. This can be do utilizing a deuce-substrate enzymic check affect two PON1 substrates ( normally paraoxon and diazoxon ) . Abnormalities between PON1 functional position and genotyping at place 192 can therefore bespeak mutant at other points in the PON1 cistron ( Richter et al, 2004 ) . As there are many factors which modulates the PON1 activity such as physiological factors ( eg. exercising ) , pathological factors ( eg. viral/bacterial infection, redness, diabetes ) , diet, alcohol ingestion and certain drugs ( eg. lipid-lowering lipid-lowering medicines ) , therefore is it of import to see these factors when finding of PON1 activity ( Aviram, 2004 ) . PON1 has been shown to hold antioxidant belongingss against oxidative emphasis ( Senti et al, 2003 ) , while oxidative emphasis has been associated with KC ( Kenney et al, 2005 ) . therefore, PON1 may demo a protective function in the development of KC.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYAlthough there have been studies of KC developing in babies and besides in persons every bit tardily as the age of 51 old ages, bulk of KC patients develop this spatial relation between the ages of 12 to 20 old ages ( Hall KCG, 1963 ) , which is around the oncoming of pubescence. It could be truly lay waste toing for one to develop such a status at that point in life, when 1 is still immature and motivated. In Malaysia, the prevalence of KC may look to be of less important with studies of approximately 4 in 1169 ( 0.3 % ) in a population of oculus patients in an urban country and besides 0.3 % among school-aged kids ( Reddy SC et Al, 2008 Goh PP et Al, 2005 ) . However, due to the hard nature of naming KC in its developmental phases, many instances frequently go undetected until after multiple ailments from the patient and thorough analysis of the patien t s vision sharp-sightedness tryout consequences ( Benjamin WJ, 2006 ) . Therefore, the prevalence of KC in the general Malaysian population could be much high than reported. As KC is reported as among the top five treatable causes of sightlessness and terrible ocular pervert in kids in Malaysia ( Reddy SC, 2001 ) , therefore more attempt should be carried out to plan an effectual and consummate sensing assay utilizing the promotions of molecular medical specialty to supply early intervention to these persons before the status worsens. Therefore, this brings to the aims of this survey, which are as followTo find PON1 activity in KC patients and to compare with non-KC controls.To find the position of PON1 in plasma judges of KC and non-KC patients.To place forecasters of KC from the accumulated informations by utilizing univariate and logistic arrested development analysis.MATERIALS AND METHODSPreparations anterior to informations and sample aggregationIn order to obtain incep tion samples and informations from role players, a two-day information and sample aggregation resultant role was organised. The event was held on the 22 23th May 2010 at Ophir Eye Clinic and Surgery. Prior to the event, readyings were made such as incase a 21G acerate leaf, a disposable syringe, intoxicant swab, Elastoplast, a 6mL EDTA ( purple-top ) thermionic vacuum tube, a 6mL Li Lipo-Hepin ( green-top ) tubing and some sweet into a fictile bag for each participants.Data and sample aggregationEach participant was fore to the highest degree disposed a brief account of the survey which they were traveling to take portion in and were asked to make profuse in an informed consent signifier before finishing the Keratoconus in the Malayan Population Pathophysiological and familial Surveies questionnaire signifier prepared by Shalini Arjunan, Prof Mary Anne, Dr Rozaida and Dr Jenny. Next, the participants spectacle powers were examined utilizing an auto-refractometer. Blood sam ples ( 5mL ) were so collected in the Li Lipo-Hepin ( green-top ) tubings from the participants of the survey and stored at 4AC if can non be processed instantly. Blood samples were processed within the twenty-four hours. After that, each participant was examined utilizing a keratometer and a Pentacam to obtain their K-readings and corneal topography severally. Then, each participant was required to undergo a ocular sharp-sightedness trial and a biomicroscopy trial utilizing Snellen s map and Haag-Streit Slit Lamp severally. Finally, each participant s trial readings were reviewed by Dr. Jenny P. Deva, adviser Ophthalmologist and refractile Surgeon at Tun Hussein Onn Eye Hospital and the diagnosing of each participant was confirmed.Preparation of plasma samplesAfter aggregation, the blood samples were centrifuged at 500 xg for 5 proceedingss at room temperature ( 25AC ) to divide the plasma. Plasma ( top bed ) was so be carefully aliquoted in 500AL batches into a few microcentrifu ge tubings ( 1.5mL ) utilizing Pasteur pipettes depending on the sum of plasma available. All micro-centrifuge tubings were labelled and stored at -70AC until activity measuring was carried out.Two-substrate enzyme analysisThis survey was carried out by finding the position of Paraoxonase 1 in the plasma samples of the participants based on the two-substrate enzyme analysis as described by Richter RJ et Al, 2004, with little alterations. The rate of hydrolysis of the two substrates, which were Paraoxon and Diazoxon were measured utilizing Lamda 25 UV/VIS Spectrophotometer running KINLAB version 2.85.00. After portmanteau with the several substrates for a few seconds, the rate of paraoxon and diazoxon hydrolysis were monitored continuously for two proceedingss. The initial rates of each sample were so multiplied by the deliberate transition factor, which was 5611 and 67000 to acquire paraoxonase and diazoxonase activity severally in U/L unit.Activity analysis utilizing SPSSThe parao xonase and diazoxonase activities of each sample together with other informations from the questionnaire done by Shalini Arjunan and genotype informations done by Yvonne Yong were so pooled together into SPSS version 17.0 for farther analysis. Trials which were carried out include age and sex demographic distribution, independent t-test, Pearson s Correlation, spreadhead secret plan, Kruskal-Wallis trial, one-way ANOVA, etc.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONFor this survey, a population of 66 participants were successfully place, consisting of 9 keratoconus patients ( 13.6 % ) , 2 forme fruste keratoconus patients ( 3.0 % ) , 9 high myopic patients ( 13.6 % ) , 11 moderate myopic patients ( 16.7 % ) and 35 normal controls ( 53.0 % ) . This population, dwell of 27 Malays ( 40.9 % ) , 9 Chinese ( 13.6 % ) and 30 Indians ( 45.5 % ) had an age scope of 7 to 68 old ages old. There were somewhat more males than females in this population, that is 35 ( 53 % ) to 31 ( 47 % ) participants. There were undistinguished struggle of ages among both genders and besides the cultural groups.Exploratory informations analysis on this sample population revealed that the distribution of the paraoxonase activity and age of the participants were non distributed usually, giving a p-value of 0.019 and 0.025 severally when utilizing the Shapiro-Wilk trial. Merely diazoxonase activity gave a undistinguished p-value ( 0.446 ) , therefore bespeaking a normal distribution. It was of import to transport out such trials foremost to find whether a parametric or nonparametric trial should be used for analysis.The activity of Paraoxonase 1 was successfully determined by mensurating the rate of hydrolysis of paraoxon and diazoxon substrate, harmonizing to the method used in Richter RJ et Al ( 2004 ) , with some minor accommodations. With these informations, the phenotype of each participant was successfully identified by plotting a spread graph of diazoxonase activity against paraoxonase activity, to di stinguish the persons with functionally homozygous for PON1192Q, heterozygotes for PON1Q/R192Q/R and homozygous for PON1192R. These phenotype information was subsequently confirmed with informations from my co-worker, Yvonne who carried out Paraoxonase 1 genotyping for polymorphism 192QR by limitation enzyme digestion. Both informations from Paraoxonase 1 activity finding and Paraoxonase 1 genotyping were found to be coincident and accurate.When these participants were divided harmonizing to familial relation to the KC patients, 18 were first degree relations to the KC patients, 3 were 2nd degree relations and 20 had no blood dealingss to the patients, while 16 were omitted as they did non suit the standards for normal healthy controls. Based on such classs, it was found that KC patients and relations may hold a important difference in paraoxonase activity when groups together against the normal controls with a p-value of 0.057. However, this value is non important plenty to reason a accomplishable correlativity and may necessitate more KC to make a important degree. This was non the instance for diazoxonase activity when compared in similar mode, where the activity in KC patients and comparative were non significantly different from that of normal controls.The most important consequences of this survey nevertheless, were obtained when KC patients, including forme fruste KC patients were compared against the other participants, labelled non-KC. When categorised as such, the paraoxonase activity of KC patients were significantly difference than that of the non-KC participants ( p-value = 0.022 ) . This indicates that paraoxonase activity may hold a function in the development of KC patients. However, different cultural groups besides showed important difference in paraoxonase activity when tested, viz. between Malays and Indians and this may lend as an implicit in factor since many of the KC patients where Indians. Hence, comparing surveies between KC/non-KC p osition and cultural groups must be carried out to find any relation between the two variables.DecisionThe paraoxonase and diazoxonase activity of each participant were successfully and accurately measured. Based on genotype informations from my co-worker Yvonne, the phenotype informations obtained from the diazoxonase paraoxonase spread secret plan was rather dependable. There were important happening which relates paraoxonase activities with KC/non-KC position, but it may be due to an underlying factor such as cultural group. Further statistical analysis and re-definition willing be required to obtain more important informations.